​SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT
​ 
In this study, we show that P/Q-type calcium channel is mediating aggression in serotonergic neurons from the dorsal raphe nucleus via monosynaptic projections to the ventrolateral part of the ventromedial hypothalamus.

More importantly, silencing these projections reduced aggressive behavior in mice and may serve as a therapeutic approach for treating aggression in humans.

​Conclusion:  LD [Lyme Disease] and the immune, biochemical, neurotransmitter, and the neural circuit reactions to it can cause impairments associated with violence.

Many LD patients have no aggressiveness tendencies or only mild degrees of low frustration tolerance and irritability and pose no danger; however, a lesser number experience explosive anger, a lesser number experience homicidal thoughts and impulses, and much lesser number commit homicides.

​Since such large numbers are affected by LD, this small percent can be highly significant. Much of the violence associated with LD can be avoided with better prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of LD.

Technologies used for​transcriptomics and 
their development

Transcriptomics technologies have 
volved significantly since their inception
in the early 1990s. Here are some key
technologies and their development
timelines:

• Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) 
• Sequencing: 
• ​Developed in the 1990s, this method used 
• Sanger sequencing to study individual
• RNA transcripts. 
  
  
• Serial Analysis of
  
• Gene Expression (SAGE): 
• Introduced in the mid-1990s, 
• SAGE allowed the simultaneous analysis
•  of thousands of transcripts. 
  
  
• Microarrays: 
• Developed in the late 1990s, ​​microarrays enabled the 
• ​quantification of a set of 
• predetermined sequences through 
  
• probe hybridization. 
  
  
• RNA-Seq: 
• Launched in the mid-2000s, 
• RNA-Seq revolutionized transcriptomics by
• allowing  high-throughput sequencing
•  of entire transcripts. 
  
  
• Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS): Platforms like Illumina transformed the
• field, enabling comprehensive and quick
• sequencing of transcript abundance and 
• expression levels. 
  
  
• Single-Cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq): 
• Introduced around 2017, 
• scRNA-Seq profiles single cells to uncover
•  cellular heterogeneity. 
  
  
• Long-Read Sequencing 
• Technologies: 
• Platforms like Oxford Nanopore and 
• PacBio have advanced the field by 
• enabling full-length transcript 
• assembly with error rates below 0.02%. 
  
  
• Spatial Transcriptomics: 
• Emerging around 2020, spatial 
• transcriptomics integrates sequencing or
• imaging with positional barcoding 
• ​to map transcripts in their native tissue 
• context. 
  
  
  These technologies have revolutionized 
• the study of RNA and have been 
• instrumental in advancing our 
• understanding of gene expression,
• disease mechanisms, and cellular 
• processes. 
  
  
• 6 Sources

Immune involvement in 
​neuropsychiatric disorders:

Insights from single-cell
transcriptomic studies (2026)
​
*Japan

[S}ingle-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) have emerged as transformative technologies, enabling transcriptomic profiling at single-cell resolution.

These approaches have revealed
immunological alterations across a wide range of disorders.

This review introduces recent findings from sc/snRNA-seq studies of immune-related mechanisms in psychiatric disorders-including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-as well as in neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple sclerosis, and anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis

​Brain-immune interactions in neuropsychiatric disorders:

Lessons from transcriptome studies for molecular targeting  (2021)

*South Korea​

Herein, the key transcriptomic techniques applied in investigating differentially expressed genes and pathways responsible for altered brain-immune interactions in neuropsychiatric disorders are discussed.

The application of transcriptomics that can aid in identifying molecular targets in various neuropsychiatric disorders is highlighted.