​PD [Parkinson's Disease] is therefore best viewed not as an isolated movement disorder, but as part of a broader lifespan brain-disorder continuum that overlaps meaningfully, though incompletely, with neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disease.

Lifespan Links Across Brain Disorders

These relationships center on developmental timing, environmental exposures, and shared biology across mental, neurodevelopmental, and neurodegenerative disorders.

The literature connects neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders with Parkinson’s disease through a DOHaD-and-exposome model in which early-life and cumulative exposures shape later vulnerability.

Neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders, Parkinson’s disease, and toxins are linked through three facets: developmental programming, shared mechanisms, and lifelong cumulative exposure.

Research has progressed from early developmental programming to a lifespan exposome mode . . .

The arc moves from DOHaD [Developmental Origins of Health & Disease], which focused on early sensitive windows, to exposome frameworks that track interacting exposures from conception through aging.

​More recent reviews explicitly connect neurodevelopment, psychiatric trajectories, and neurodegeneration within one life-course model

The key implication is that brain disorders form a lifespan continuum, not isolated childhood versus old-age diseases.

Across the 20 papers, the strongest synthesis is that cumulative and time-specific exposures within the exposome interact with genes and social context to shape risk for neurodevelopmental disorders, psychiatric illness, and Parkinson’s disease over decades.